资料名称：Active RFID and its Big Future (261 papges)

内容简介：

Executive Summary

This report concerns “active” RFID systems meaning those where there is a power source in the

tag. The value of sales of systems with these tags will grow by about 3.5 times to reach about

$1.4 billion dollars globally in 2014. Today the power source is almost invariably a battery but

miniature fuel cells are being trialled and there are other possibilities for the future.

RFID tags subdivide into the categories shown in figure 1. So-called “semi-passive” RFID tags

have relatively weak, small batteries because they are not used to increase the range of the tag.

“Semi-active” and “fully active” tags boost range and therefore need larger, more expensive,

stronger batteries. Fully active tags are rarely used because they are the ones that are on all the

time and this is very demanding of the batteries. Semi-active tags are on only when programmed

to send a signal, say at given intervals or in response to some event. All active tags of the above

three types can be configured to manage sensors in the tag measuring, recording and, if

necessary processing a wide variety of parameters. Tags that have sensors are a growth area of

active RFID.

Contents Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1

1. INTRODUCTION 11

1.1. Background 11

1.1.1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 11

1.1.2. Active vs passive RFID 12

1.1.3. Semi active vs semi passive RFID 16

1.1.4. Many different ideal frequencies for active RFID 19

1.1.5. Smart Active Labels (SAL) 19

1.1.6. Lessons from sixty years of active RFID 21

1.2. The active RFID value chain and paybacks 22

1.2.1. Value chain 22

1.2.2. Project costs and paybacks 22

1.3. Total Asset Visibility 24

1.4. Civilian logistics – Smart and Secure Tradelanes 32

1.5. Five key priorities for TAV 36

1.6. Exponential growth 38

1.7. Standards 39

1.7.1. EPCglobal 40

1.8. The $1 billion yearly potential in the prison service 41

2. LESSONS FROM CASE STUDIES OF ACTIVE RFID 47

2.1. Spread of parameters and applications 47

2.1.1. Military, Logistics and Automotive/ transportation are dominant applications so far 47

2.1.2. Containers and vehicles are the main items that are tagged 48

2.1.3. Frequencies are varied 49

2.1.4. Ranges are varied 49

2.1.5. Totally new types of battery 50

2.1.6. The most important countries 50

2.2. Case studies of active RFID in manufacturing 50

2.2.1. Volkswagen, Germany – work in progress 50

2.2.2. Peugeot, France – work in progress 51

2.2.3. Club Car, USA – work in progress 53

2.2.4. AM General, USA – part replenishment 54

2.2.5. Merrimac Industries, USA – tracking folders 55

2.2.6. BMW, UK – work in progress 56

2.3. Case studies of active RFID in transportation and automotive 57

2.3.1. 30 major car companies – vehicle immobilisers 57

2.3.2. Shanghai Xinzhuang Bus Terminal, China – tracking buses 57

2.3.3. ProEda, Switzerland – gasoline pumps 58

2.3.4. NedTrain, The Netherlands – wheel maintenance 58

2.3.5. Tracker/ Police, UK – locating stolen vehicles 59

2.3.6. Hills, UK – numberplates 60

2.3.7. Ford, USA – location of new cars 61

2.3.8. Postauto Bus, Switzerland – bus terminal management 61

2.3.9. Tranz Rail, New Zealand – freight management 62

2.3.10. General Motors, USA - containers 64

2.3.11. Shanghai Railway, China 64

2.3.12. Hamburg Metro Germany 65

2.3.13. Parking, Arizona State University, USA 66

2.3.14. Korea World Cup vehicles 67

2.4. Case studies of active RFID in the air industry 68

2.4.1. Sepang Airport, Malaysia – catering trolleys 68

2.4.2. Los Angeles International Airport/ Long Beach, USA – vehicle tolling and management 69

2.4.3. Tacoma/ Seattle International Airport, USA – vehicle tolling and management 70

2.4.4. New York Newark International Airport, USA – vehicle tolling and management 70

2.4.5. Orange County Airport, USA – vehicle tolling 71

2.4.6. Hong Kong International Airport, China – catering trolleys 72

2.4.7. Vienna International Airport, Austria – ground support equipment 73

2.4.8. Charles de Gaulle international Airport, France – taxis 73

2.4.9. Envirotainer, Belgium – unit load devices 74

2.4.10. Air Canada - food trolleys 75

2.4.11. Arlanda International Airport, Sweden parking 76

2.5. Case studies of active RFID in healthcare 77

2.5.1. Massachusetts General Hospital, USA people and assets 77

2.5.2. Other US hospitals – asset tracking 78

2.5.3. Hospitals, Israel and elsewhere – patient and staff tracking/ alert 78

2.5.4. Shelby County Regional Medical Center, USA – patient tracking 82

2.5.5. Royal Sus** County Hospital, UK – assets 83

2.5.6. HCA Hospital Dallas, USA – mother baby matching 84

2.5.7. HCA Hospital Arlington, USA – mother baby matching 84

2.5.8. French Blood Agency, France – chemovigilance 85

2.5.9. Alexandra Hospital, Singapore – people tracking for SARS 87

2.5.10. National University Hospital Singapore – people tracking for SARS 87

2.5.11. Hart District, UK – alarm for elderly 88

2.6. Case studies of active RFID in the military sector 89

2.6.1. Kosovo/ US Military – military assets and supplies 89

2.6.2. Ministry of Defence, UK – military supplies 90

2.6.3. NATO Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT) assets 91

2.6.4. Department of Defense, USA – medical supplies 92

2.6.5. Bosnia/ UK Military - supply chain. 93

2.7. Case studies of active RFID in logistics 94

2.7.1. NYK Logistics, USA – intermodal freight containers 94

2.7.2. Fluor Construction, USA pipe spools 97

2.7.3. Brink’s, USA – transport container access 101

2.7.4. Felixstowe Dock & Rail Company, UK – Rubber Tyre Gantry Cranes RTGC handling intermodal containers 104

2.7.5. Agricultural Cooperative, France – vehicle tare weighing 106

2.7.6. Yard management, USA 107

2.7.7. Spittelau Thermal Waste Treatment Plant, Austria – trucks 107

2.7.8. Seattle Tacoma Sea Port, USA – intermodal container seals 108

2.7.9. Royal Mail, UK – roll cages 110

2.7.10. Parcelforce, UK - postal trailers 111

2.7.11. Mercator Transportation, USA – intermodal container tracking 113

2.7.12. Lynx Express, UK – roll cages 114

2.7.13. London Waste, UK – vehicles 115

2.7.14. J.A.M Distribution and Cemex, USA – vehicle loading and fuelling 115

2.7.15. HiroCem, Slovakia – trucks 116

2.7.16. DHL and Nokia, UK/ Finland – cases 117

2.7.17. Intermodal Cargo Shipments 118

2.7.18. Carlisle Carriers, USA – tractors and trailers 119

2.7.19. Alliant Atlantic Food, USA – access control 120

2.7.20. Somerfield Supermarkets, UK – trucks 121

2.7.21. Argos, UK – conveyances 122

2.7.22. Paramount Farms, USA – farming vehicles 122

2.7.23. Meat producer, Canada – case monitoring 123

2.8. Case studies of active RFID in Retail 126

2.8.1. Selfridges, UK – food containers 126

2.8.2. Safeway Supermarkets, UK – trolleys 126

2.9. Other 127

2.9.1. HM Prison Service, UK – keys 127

2.9.2. Delta Downs Racetrack and Casino, USA – keys 128

3. COMPONENTS OF AN ACTIVE RFID SYSTEM 129

3.1. The tag 129

3.2. The interrogator 129

3.3. Other system components. 129

3.4. Multi-tag reading (anti-collision) 130

3.5. Choices of physical configuration of active RFID systems 131

3.5.1. RFID – basic operation 131

3.5.2. One at a time or many at a time 131

3.5.3. Active beacon tags – long range 132

3.5.4. Signpost system for long range active tag configurations 133

3.5.5. Real-time locating systems – long range 135

3.6. Options on range 136

3.7. Systems aspects 137

3.7.1. Network vs stand alone 137

3.7.2. Stand alone – not polled 137

3.7.3. Polled data 137

3.7.4. Networked – on-line 138

3.8. Networking at tag, reader or system level 138

3.9. Data on the device or network 138

3.9.2. Data capture on the tag or not – a summary 139

3.10. Privacy concerns for data on tag or network 140

3.10.1. Continuous monitoring or not 140

3.11. Open and closed service provider access 141

3.12. Networks within networks 141

3.13. Ad hoc networks 143

3.14. The importance of interoperability 144

3.15. Multi-frequency, multi-protocol interrogators 144

3.15.1. Supplier Case study : ThingMagic 145

3.15.2. Supplier Case Study: Savi Technology UDAP 146

3.16. Choice of frequency 147

3.16.2. Ultra Wide Band 150

3.16.3. Supplier Case study: Parco Wireless 150

3.16.4. Supplier Case Study: DSRC Industry Consortium 154

4. ACTIVE TAG CONSTRUCTION 157

4.1. Overall construction 157

4.2. Batteries 157

4.2.1. Battery overview 157

4.2.2. Coin type batteries 158

4.2.3. Power Paper 159

4.2.4. Solicore, USA 159

4.2.5. SCI, USA 160

4.2.6. Infinite Power Solutions, USA 160

4.2.7. Cymbet, USA 162

4.2.8. Thin Battery Technologies 163

4.2.9. Research 164

4.3. Fuel cells 164

4.4. Photovoltaics 165

4.5. Active RFID with sensing 166

5. STANDARDS, PRIVACY AND ALLIED TECHNOLOGY 169

5.1. Standards 169

5.1.1. Standards for active RFID systems 169

5.1.2. Benefits of standardisation 170

5.1.3. Types of standard 171

5.1.4. Open and closed application systems 172

5.1.5. Standards organisations 173

5.1.6. Types of standard relating to item level RFID 173

5.2. Radiation regulations 176

5.3. Privacy issues 178

5.4. Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, Active RFID and NFC compared and combined 181

5.4.1. Bridging the gap 181

5.4.2. Bluetooth and WiFi 182

5.4.3. ZigBee 183

5.4.4. Active RFID 183

5.4.5. Combinations 184

5.4.6. Near Field Communications NFC 184

5.4.7. RFID and communications inte**ces 184

5.4.8. A virtual connector 185

5.4.9. Link to RFID smart cards 185

5.4.10. NFC Forum created by Sony and Philips 185

5.4.11. Standardization of NFC 185

6. MARKETS 187

6.1. Price sensitivity 187

6.2. Many bridges to cross 188

6.3. Forecasts for tags 189

6.3.1. New markets – hand-held homing devices 189

6.3.2. Remote access fobs for other vehicles. 189

6.3.3. New markets – Smart Active Labels 189

6.4. Forecasts for tags 2004-2014 189

6.5. Forecasts for systems 2004-2014 190

6.6. Forecast for total systems plus tags 2004 – 2014 191

6.6.1. Dominant cost change 191

6.6.2. RFID in the prison and parole service 191

APPENDIX 1: JARGON BUSTER 195

APPENDIX 2: EPCGLOBAL AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS 223

APPENDIX 3: ACHIEVING EFFICIENT GLOBAL LOGISTICS EXECUTION 233